Category: After WWII

 

 

 

 

The Clayton A. Nattier B-17 Flying Fortress crew arrived in England in July 1944.  They were assigned to the 306th Bombardment Group (BG), 369th Bomb Squadron, based at Thurleigh.

September 13, 1944. 

The 306^th BG target for the day was Merseburg, Germany. The IG Farben Leuna works, the second largest synthetic oil refinery in Germany, was located there. It was also the most heavily defended industrial target in Europe protected by the Luftwaffe 14^th Flak Division. Composition of the division in October 1944 totaled 62,550 persons.

 

 

The Nattier B-17 Heavenly Body was taxiing for take off when the plane developed hydraulic brake failure. The B-17 Duration Plus assigned to the 306th BG, 367th Bomb Squadron, replaced it. By the time the Nattier crew took off that day their first challenge was to catch up to the already airborne formation of 306^th BG B-17s enroute to Merseburg. 

Approximately 30 minutes from Merseburg trouble developed in one of the four Duration Plus engines. Co-pilot Lieutenant (Lt) Gerald Johnson tried to correct the problem, but the engine eventually had to be shut down. 

In B-17 flying formation at 29,500 feet and entering the target zone, a second Duration Plus engine started to run rough. 

Then at the Initial Point (IP) where the bombers began the bomb run on the target, the B-17 was hit by shrapnel that penetrated the upper right aluminum shell of the aircraft nose. A fire was spontaneously ignited as the oxygen and oil lines were severed. Flames burst into the cockpit next to the co-pilot.  Lt Nattier gave the order to bail out.

Lt Nattier knew the fire was uncontrollable. He stated, “You know you’re going down, and all you can do is to try to give the crew enough time to bail out.”

Lt Johnson left the cockpit and proceeded to the front nose escape hatch to join navigator Lt Bernard Weinstein and bombardier Lt William Gregory according to bail out procedure.

Lt Nattier maneuvered Duration Plus out of the flying formation and put the plane into a steep dive from 29,500 feet. At a lower altitude oxygen was more readily available to the crew, and the chance of a successful bail out was improved. Then he too left the cockpit and moved toward the front escape hatch.

Clayton did not expect to have to return to the cockpit again before he too could bail out.

As Lt Nattier approached the front escape hatch he saw that the co-pilot, navigator, and bombardier had not left the aircraft. Above the noise he motioned them “Out,” but Lt Weinstein mouthed “No.” Clayton did not know what the problem was but knew he had to go back to the cockpit to change the angle of the B-17 dive to allow more time for them to bail out.

Clayton assumed the ball turret gunner, waist gunner, tail gunner, and radio operator had already bailed out through a rear escape hatch.  [They had.]  The top turret gunner Sergeant (Sgt) Gerald Bump was still on the B-17 and had made valiant attempts to put out the fire.

When Clayton got to the cockpit it was almost engulfed in flames. The instrument panel was melting. He had to reach through the flames to adjust the controls to decrease the B-17 dive angle.  His face, neck, and both hands were badly burned.

The route to the front escape hatch was now blocked with fire and smoke. Lt Nattier’s and Sgt Bump’s only escape route was to jump through the bomb bay.  The bombs had not been dropped that day.  Clayton jumped after Sgt Bump, but his parachute strap caught on the arming propeller of one of the bombs.  He pulled it loose and fell out of the aircraft.  By then he was semiconscious.

Clayton later estimated that from the time the shrapnel hit the B-17 until he bailed out was approximately five minutes.

An American P-51 Mustang fighter plane in the area piloted by Lt William McKee, III,  followed the B-17 until it crashed and exploded. The co-pilot, navigator, and bombardier had not bailed out and were killed in action.

Lt Nattier and Sgt Bump landed in a field near Halle, Germany.  Sgt Bump injured his ankle.  Lt Nattier was seriously burned and semiconscious. Cadets from a local Luftwaffe Flight School found them and transported the two airmen to the Halle jail where a medic from the school treated them.

Clayton does remember temporarily regaining consciousness a couple of times on the way to the Halle jail.  He opened his eyes once and found himself looking into the eyes of a donkey.  It seems he was thrown over the back of the animal, transferred to a small automobile (in later life he realized the car had been an early model Volkswagen), and then taken to the jail.

September 14, 1944.

Lt Nattier and Sgt Bump began their journey from Halle to a prisoner of war (POW) camp.

Lt Nattier was first taken to a Dulug Luft near Frankfurt, Germany, where he was interrogated. [A Dulag Luft was a transit and interrogation center for newly captured Allied airmen. After interrogation the prisoners were sent to permanent POW camps.] When being transported from Frankfurt to his permanent camp, he saw his five surviving crew members at the Frankfurt train station. They were sent to Stalag Luft 4* at Gross Tychow, Pomerania (now Tychowo, Poland).

September 26, 1944.

Clayton arrived at Stalag Luft 1 (SL1) near Barth, Western Pomerania, Germany, on the Baltic Sea. His bandages had not been changed since September 13, but miraculously he had not developed an infection at the burn sites. He spent his first three weeks in the camp hospital.

Lt Nattier became SL1 POW 5577.  His camp mailing address was Clayton Nattier, North Compound 2, Kriegsgefangene Baracke 202, Room 6, Stalag Luft #1, Barth, Germany.  Each room held 18 prisoners with bunk beds stacked three high.  A small wood burning stove provided them limited heat and a place to cook their meals. Food provided by the Germans was supplemented with Red Cross packages.  

Delivery of Red Cross packages to SL1 stopped from December 26, 1944 – March 28, 1945.  Packages were known to be in Sweden and on the docks in Germany but were not delivered.  Clayton describes a three month period without the supplemental food supply as one of near starvation the POWs endured.

December 1944.

Colonel (Col) Hubert “Hub” Zemke became POW 6559 at SL1.  He was captured after his P-51 Mustang experienced a structural failure over Germany. His rank made him Senior Allied Officer at the camp.  He was 30 years old.

Col Zemke was the son of German immigrants and spoke fluent German. The Col had delivered American P-40 Warhawk fighter aircraft to Russia as part of the United States (US) Lend-Lease Act, and he taught the Russians how to fly and maintain the aircraft. His language skills and experience with the Russian military would prove extremely useful. 

Clayton still speaks highly of Col Zemke and his leadership ability which greatly improved POW conditions.

May 1, 1945.

The Russians liberated SL1. There were nearly 9,000 POWs in the camp at that time.  The Russians planned to transport the POWs to Odessa, Russia, on the Black Sea.  

Col Zemke along with other Allied leaders had a different plan.

May 12, 1945.

The plan called Operation Revival (May 12 – May 14, 1945) was to fly SL1 POWs out of hostile-held territory and back behind Allied lines. B-17s from the US 91^st BG based at Bassingbourn, England, flew into what was a German military airfield near Barth. American POWs were then flown to Camp Lucky Strike (one of the US camps in France for repatriated servicemen) near LeHavre.  British POWs and those POWs sick or injured were flown to England.

 

 

Nine days after SL1 was liberated by the Russians, Clayton wrote a letter to his parents.

May 10, 1945

Dear folks,

These past few days have been quite eventful to say the least. The “rotten Huns” left us on the thirtieth of April, and the Russians came in the following day. Although we can’t go just anywhere in Germany we are free outside these barbed wire fences, a wonderful feeling.

I’d like to tell you that I’ll be home in a few days but that probably wouldn’t be true. I can’t begin to tell you how anxious I am to get home, and it won’t be long I know –- a very conservative estimate would be the first of July and barely possible by July tenth. Got three letters here – one from Mother, Dad, and Jean.

Boy what a privilege it is to write a letter in ink that won’t be censored by some German.

Russians have been bringing in cattle and hogs to butcher. Yesterday we cooked our first fresh meat since England.

I’m in as good health as I ever was and feel swell – I just want to get home. Drop Jean a note and tell her I’ll see her soon.

Strawberry season should be in full swing when I get home – I can see your strawberry shortcake now Mother.

Lots of love,

Clayton

[Many servicemen throughout WWII did not want their families to worry about them. Their letters home did not always describe what they were seeing and experiencing and feeling. Clayton’s letter is an example of one of those letters.]   

Clayton would eventually sail from LeHavre on a Liberty ship back to the US.  He would return home to Concordia, Kansas, and propose to “a pretty special girl” named Jean Mails (mentioned in his letter).  Jean and Clayton got married two weeks after his return.  

Then as Clayton says he got started with the rest of his life.

 

 

 

 

*In January and February 1945, as the Soviet Army was advancing west, the Germans began marching POWs further into Germany from Stalag Luft 4 (SL4) and other Allied POW camps. The march for the SL4 POWs spanned over 80 days and an estimated 600 miles (965 kilometers). They first were marched west. Then they were marched east when Allied artillery fire could be heard to the west. On May 2, 1945, the SL4 POWs were liberated by a British unit. 

Clayton’s five surviving crew members — Gerald Bump, Edwin Block, Max Kimmel, Cecil Richardson, and Richard Edwards — returned to the US after SL4 was liberated.  They all kept in touch after the war.

A special thank you to Clayton Nattier for sharing his wartime experiences with me and answering my many questions.

Clayton’s son-in-law, Thom Mindala, wrote a book Flying the B-17 Flying Fortress which details Clayton’s wartime experiences.  

The story and photographs are posted with Clayton’s and his family’s permission.

Thank you to WWII 306th BG Historical Association Historian Cliff Deets who is an invaluable resource for BG history. Information about the WWII 306th BG can be found at http://306bg.us.

 

 

Jacobus (Jack) van der Geest was born in The Hague, The Netherlands,  September 17, 1923.  Before WWII ended Jack worked with the Dutch and French Resistance, escaped from Buchenwald concentration camp, helped Allied flyers escape to Switzerland, and was an interpreter for the United States (US) Army 101st Airborne Division.  

Jack spoke seven languages he learned in school and from friends.  He spoke Dutch, English, German, French, Flemish, Javanese, and Malayan.  This ability proved to be invaluable to him during WWII and after.

[The Netherlands proclaimed neutrality when WWII began with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.  In spite of this, Germany invaded the country on May 10, 1940.  After overwhelming the Dutch Army and the bombing of Rotterdam, The Netherlands surrendered to Germany on May 15, 1940.  Queen Wilhelmina and the Dutch government escaped to the United Kingdom before the surrender and established a government-in-exile.]

In Jack’s autobiography Was God on Vacation? he tells of being awakened on May 10, 1940, at 4 o’clock in the morning to the sound of explosions somewhere in The Hague.  He, his parents and sister, and a friend staying with them that night ran from their apartment at Soestdijksekade 43 and gathered in the street with other residents of the neighborhood to see what was happening.  Jack said leaflets were dropping from airplanes.  The leaflets message, in Dutch on one side and German on the other side, was “We the German people came to liberate you.”

[In 1938 The Netherlands passed a law requiring firearms owners to register their guns.  The Germans used the registration list to go to homes and businesses collecting the weapons of Dutch citizens.  Some weapons escaped detection and became useful in the Dutch Resistance.]

The Dutch Resistance had many small, decentralized units that planned independent actions against the Germans.  Jack’s father became an area commander of such a unit in 1941.  Jack was a member.

In September 1942 the Gestapo went to the van der Geest apartment and arrested  Jack, his father, and his mother.  A Dutch woman collaborating with the Germans betrayed them. 

Jack and his father and mother were taken to a prison near The Hague in Scheveningen which in WWII was nicknamed “The Orange Hotel.”  They were interrogated separately.  Jack worried about his parents and did not find out until after WWII what happened to them.  Among his worries he didn’t know what happened to their old fox terrier, Jony, left in their apartment after the family was arrested.

After interrogation Jack was sent to Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar, Germany.  Travelling in a standing room only cattle car with other prisoners, Jack arrived at Buchenwald the end of September 1943.  Some prisoners died during the journey.  At the camp the prisoners had their heads shaved, were disinfected, and given striped uniforms to wear.  Jack’s prisoner number on his jacket was 512601.  Beneath it was a red triangle identifying him as a political prisoner.  Assigned to work in several different areas of the camp, his last assignment in Block 46 was the most horrifying.  It was where they did human experimentation on camp inmates.  Some of what Jack saw he could never discuss even toward the end of his life.

After nearly six months in Buchenwald Jack didn’t know how much longer he could live and planned an escape.  His plan would take extreme focus and patience on his part.  He knew the crematorium was out of fuel and used this knowledge to his advantage.

Every morning there was a prisoner roll call in the camp at 5 o’clock.  In March 1944, one morning Jack “played dead.”  A guard wrote down his prisoner number, and his seemingly lifeless body was dragged to an area where the dead were stacked for disposal.  He laid among the corpses until early that evening when there was only one guard near the pile of bodies.  With his remaining strength Jack jumped up and overpowered that guard.  He removed his German uniform and with multiple layers of clothing that he removed from the corpses to fill out his skeletal frame under the uniform, he started to walk toward the entrance gate of the camp.  It was now dark, and a German truck driver saw him walking.  The driver offered him a ride to Weimar.  Jack jumped in the back of the truck and then jumped out the first time the truck slowed down after it was driven out of the concentration camp.

Near Weimar a German farm couple let Jack stay at their home that first night after escaping.  He was still in a German uniform and was never sure they knew who he really was.  Jack spent the night in their son’s bedroom and saw a picture of him in his German Army uniform.  The next day the farm couple gave him their son’s bicycle to continue his journey.  

Feigning a limp to look like a soldier wounded in the war when he was seen in public, Jack found a railroad station in Erfurt, Germany, and decided to get in a boxcar of a train headed west to France.  Shedding the German uniform along the way, he dressed in some civilian clothes he took from the farmhouse.  He changed trains three times and eventually arrived in Neufchateau, France.  Jack decided to get off the train at that point.

 

In Neufchateau Jack decided to take a risk and find a dentist.  A guard in Buchenwald had knocked out his two front teeth.  His gums were swollen and infected.  A dentist Dr. Marvell treated his infection and later put in two false teeth.  After cautious and wary conversation Jack told the dentist he had escaped from Buchenwald.  Dr. Marvell revealed he was a member of a French Resistance group called the Maquis and asked Jack if he would like to join the Resistance.  Jack said yes, and the dentist arranged transportation for him to Paris, France.

In Paris Jack’s Resistance group would steal important information from the Germans to pass along to the Allies and would break into government buildings to get identification and food ration cards to give to Jews and dissenters in hiding.  They also helped downed Allied flyers escape from France.

A Paris Resistance member Guillaume who ran a Allied flyers escape line asked Jack to go with him on a mission to guide flyers from Paris to Neuchatel, Switzerland.  Guillaume thought Jack’s escape and evasion experience and ability to speak multiple languages would be extremely useful.  On Jack’s first mission he and Guillaume met three flyers (two British and one American) at Versailles outside Paris.

The phase of the moon was important in planning these missions as travel was mainly by night and paralleled main roads to avoid German vehicles.  They walked approximately 248 miles (399 kilometers) to Switzerland, and the trip could take 10-12 days one way.  French farmers and Resistance members living along the route would provide shelter and food for the group.

 

Jack led the next mission on his own.  On his sixth mission an American flyer told him being multilingual would be of great use in the upcoming Allied invasion of Europe.  Jack knew that there were other Allied flyers escape lines, and he felt that his luck may be running out.  He sent word back to Paris that he was going to England from Switzerland.  He and the escaping Allied flyers left one night from an airstrip near Zurich, Switzerland, in what looked to Jack like a Douglas DC 3.  There were British and American Embassy personnel on the flight also.  Switzerland declared neutrality in WWII, but Jack found out then that in wartime certain rules do not always apply.

It was March 1944, and Jack was 20 years old.

In England Jack was chosen as an interpreter for the US Army 101^st Airborne Division.  He trained as a paratrooper and parachuted into Normandy with them as part of Operation Overlord on June 6, 1944.  Jack acted as an interrogator and interpreter.

Jack stepped foot on Dutch soil again in Masstricht, The Netherlands. 

 

In Bastogne Jack had an opportunity to return the kindness of the German farm couple who had fed and sheltered him after his escape from Buchenwald.  A captured young German soldier he was interrogating described a farm near Weimer, Germany, where he lived with his parents before WWII began.  To the surprise of the soldier Jack provided him a description of his parents.  He told the soldier he had fine parents and said nothing else.  In Jack’s interrogation report he stated that he knew the soldier’s parents, that they helped him when he escaped from Buchenwald, and asked that nothing happen to their son.

The end of 1944 brought a message that the Dutch government ordered her countrymen in foreign service to report to England.  After reaching London Jack was given two choices: join the Dutch Army and train in England or become a Royal Netherlands Marine and train in the US.  His time spent with Americans and wish to go to the US made the choice an easy one for him.

The end of January 1945 Jack and other Dutch marines left Liverpool, England, on the Queen Elizabeth sailing to New York City, New York.  The Queen Elizabeth on that voyage served as a hospital ship.  The Dutch marines helped care for the wounded servicemen returning to the US.  In New York Harbor Jack used a sheet as a sling to carry a soldier who had lost both legs up to the main deck of the ship.  The soldier wanted to see the Statue of Liberty.  Someone started to sing The Star Spangled Banner.  Others joined in.

Jack trained at US Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, South Carolina, and Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia.  He was in Washington, DC, when he heard the war in Europe had ended on May 8, 1945.

During his time in the US Jack asked the Red Cross for help in locating his parents.  But he could get no news of his parents and sister.

On December 8, 1945, the Dutch marines left Virginia by ship with a destination of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.  Military assignments while based there included rescuing 50 Dutch marines captured in Indonesia during WWII that were being held in a Japanese prison near Peking (Beijing), China, and clearing Japanese soldiers out of the jungle of Java, Indonesia, who did not know WWII ended. 

In July 1946 Jack was discharged from the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps.  He found a job with a shipping and transport company located in Sydney, Australia.  He still had no word about his family.

After two and a half years Jack found himself back in Java on a business trip.  A letter from his mother was waiting for him at the post office.  She and Jack’s sister had survived the war and were in The Hague.  [Jack learned from his mother after WWII ended that his father was sent from “The Orange Hotel” to Dachau concentration camp about 10 miles (16 kilometers) northwest of Munich, Germany, where he died on February 19, 1943.  His mother was sent to the German concentration camp Ravensbruck 56 miles (90 kilometers) north of Berlin, Germany.  She was released about three and a half months later and returned to The Hague.  Records found in 2009 indicate Jack’s father died in Camp Vught which was a transit and concentration camp in The Netherlands in WWII.] 

Jack wanted to become an American citizen.  There was a six year waiting list to emigrate to the US from The Netherlands.  In Australia, where he had been living and working, there was a four and a half year waiting list.  Indonesia only required a person to speak Malaysian and live there for 30 days.  Easily fulfilling the two requirements Jack sailed to the US and en route stopped in The Netherlands for three months to visit his mother and sister.

He arrived in the US in November 1949 at 26 years of age.

While registering as an alien at a post office in Baltimore, Maryland, Jack saw a notice that one could become a US citizen after serving three years in the US military.  On March 2, 1950, Jack joined the US Air Force, became a Radar Operator on a B-36 Peacemaker strategic bomber, and was stationed at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota.  May 5, 1953, after serving three years in the military, Jack became a citizen of the US.

Jack died March 3, 2009, in Rapid City, South Dakota.  He was 85 years old.

Jack’s love for his adopted country is expressed in the last sentence of his autobiography Was God on Vacation? when he states “Next time you pledge allegiance to our flag, I hope you get the same thrill down your spine that I do.” 

 

 

A  friend of Jack’s once visited the Buchenwald Concentration Camp Museum where he found the Death Certificate of a prisoner named Jacobus van der Geest.  Jack was one of only eight people to escape from Buchenwald.

 

 

Jack published his book Was God on Vacation? (with Carol Ordemann) in 1995.  Thank you to his son Van van der Geest for his help in the research for this story.  The story, photographs, and maps are published with his permission.

On April 29, 1998, the USC Shoah Foundation — The Institute for Visual History and Education did an interview with Jack.  He was named a Rescuer and Aid Provider by the Foundation for helping  Jews during the Holocaust.  The link to the interview (Part 1 and Part 2) is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIMqe6_VZ54.  

Jony, the family fox terrier, was rescued from their apartment three days after the family was arrested.

 

 

 

United States Army Air Force (USAAF) Second Lieutenant (2nd Lt.) Carl A. Groesbeck was a B-17 Flying Fortress navigator with the First Lieutenant (1st Lt.) Roy Ranck crew assigned to the 306th Bombardment Group (BG), 368th Bomb Squadron, based at Thurleigh, England, in WWII.

The Ranck crew’s first combat mission was October 8, 1943, to Bremen, Germany.  The primary target was the German aircraft factory there.  Due to a thick smoke screen obscuring the target, the bombs were dropped over a secondary target.  After the raid, the B-17 formation encountered Luftwaffe fighter planes and heavy flak.  The Ranck B-17 made it back to Thurleigh but was badly damaged with so many holes in the fuselage that Carl said it looked like a sieve.  The B-17 was scrapped.  Miraculously, no member of the 10 man crew was seriously injured.

The second combat mission for the Ranck crew was the next day on October 9, 1943, to Gdynia, Poland, a city in the Polish Corridor on the Baltic Sea.  At that date in time it was the deepest B-17 penetration mission into the European Theater.  Gdynia was almost 200 miles (322 kilometers) east of Berlin.  The city had been under German control since the start of WWII in September 1939.  The target that day was the German Naval, industrial, and port facilities.

The 306th BG B-17s arrived at Gdynia about the same time as a formation of USAAF B-24 Liberator bombers from another base in England.  The B-17 formation did a 360 degree turn and dropped the bombs on the second run over the target.  As the B-17s departed the area numerous German Messerschmitt and Junkers fighter planes were in pursuit.  The Ranck B-17 was badly damaged in the attack.  The aircraft dropped out of the formation, an engine was on fire, and it was flying too slowly to outrun the fighters.  Right waist gunner Sergeant Douglas Farris was killed in action.

Flying over the Baltic Sea on the return route from Gdynia, pilot 1st Lt. Ranck was able to fly the B-17 to a Danish island called Samso in the Kattegat Sea east of the Denmark Jutland Peninsula.  The crew bailed out over land, but their landings were spread out over the island.  2nd Lt. Groesbeck landed near B-17 radio operator Technical Sergeant William Skahan who broke a leg when landing.  While tending to the broken leg, Carl was arrested by German soldiers.  He was led away from the area and hoped the radio operator would be taken to a medical facility.  2nd Lt. Groesbeck was now a prisoner of war (POW).  He was 24 years old.  The date was October 9, 1943.

2nd Lt. Groesbeck spent his first night as a POW in a Samso farm chicken coop guarded by a German soldier.  The farmer’s wife brought him some food that evening.

On Day 2 he was reunited with B-17 Flight Engineer Staff Sergeant (S/Sgt.) Harry Hall.  They were transported by boat to Copenhagen, Denmark.  Carl was surprised when they were billeted in a luxury hotel in the city.  He tells of walking into the hotel lobby while a man in a tuxedo was playing the piano.  They had a room on the fifth floor.  One German guard said he would buy them a razor and soap to get cleaned up if they gave him some money.  2nd Lt. Groesbeck said the American flight crews had been told not to carry money with them.  That was when S/Sgt. Hall pulled out a “ten spot” (American ten dollar bill) from his shoe.  They got cleaned up, and then a German officer offered them “the run of the town” if they promised not to try and escape.  Carl refused the offer, and that night a German sentry took their shoes and stood guard outside their hotel room.

2nd Lt. Groesbeck and S/Sgt. Hall were separated on Day 3.  That was the last time Carl knew anything about the crew until WWII ended.  [The nine Ranck crew members who bailed out did survive the war.]  Carl was transported by truck to a nearby German air base, taken by ferry to Germany, and then travelled by train to a Dulag Luft.  It was Day 4 as a POW.  [A Dulag Luft was a transit and interrogation center for newly captured Allied airmen.  There were several facilities in Germany as well as German occupied countries.  After interrogation the prisoners were sent to permanent camps.]  Carl spent about a week at the Dulag Luft and was then transported in a standing room only cattle car with other POWs to what would be his permanent camp at Stalag Luft 3 in Sagan, Germany [now Zagan, Poland].  Sagan was about 90 miles (145 kilometers) southeast of Berlin.

Stalag Luft 3 opened April 11, 1942, and expanded to include North, East, South, and West Compounds.  There were prisons within a prison.  It housed Allied airmen who at one time totaled 10,949 men.  The camp had recreational activities, a library, theater, radio station, a band and orchestra, religious services, two newspapers, and prisoners planning escapes. 

The camp was intentionally built on sandy soil with the idea being it would be difficult for the prisoners to dig escape tunnels.  That did not seem to make a difference to many of the Allied airmen imprisoned there.  The most famous of the escape attempts was on March 24, 1944.  It became known after WWII as The Great Escape with the story being told in a book (1950) and a movie (1963).

Carl spent his time trying to keep busy, answering roll calls, attending Catholic Mass when he could, and sometimes acted as a security guard for tunnel diggers.  I once asked him how he lived through that chapter in his life.  He said his faith in God and an optimism about life were a great help to him.

After Carl’s nearly 16 months as a POW, on January 27, 1945, he and other prisoners of Stalag Luft 3 saw what he would describe as a “blood red” night sky.  The Soviet Army was advancing west and getting closer.  Artillery exchanges between the Russians and the Germans and burning structures in the distance lit up the sky.  The Germans decided to move Allied prisoners west into Germany.  Prisoners from Stalag Luft 3 (and other POW camps) were forced to march west in what was one of the coldest winters in Europe.  Temperatures were as low as minus 13 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 25 degrees Celsius).  Over 80,000 prisoners made what became known as “The March.”  [Although the numbers of men who died during the forced marches that winter vary, the number of US and Commonwealth POWs is estimated to be 3,500.]

Carl and a group of men numbering about 250 were forced to start their march just before midnight on that January 27th night.  They had only the clothes they were wearing and any food they had stored in their living quarters and were able to carry.  Carl remembers marching through six towns and the POWs seeking shelter where they could when they were allowed to rest.  He recalls the first night after the march began that he and other prisoners packed as many men as they could into an abandoned German Lutheran Church.  Carl shared what food he had (a box of raisins) with a fellow POW.  There was always the threat of Allied air forces attacking them as they could  have been mistaken for retreating German soldiers.  At one point along the march the prisoners were put in cattle cars and taken to their destination point at Stalag 7A near Moosburg in Bavaria, Germany.  They arrived at the camp on February 2, 1945.  The distance travelled from Stalag Luft 3 to Stalag 7A was approximately 390 miles (626 kilometers). 

Other groups of POWs from Stalag Luft 3 and other camps continued to arrive.

Carl spent the last few months of WWII at Stalag 7A.  The camp was originally built to house 10,000 prisoners.  When it was liberated on April 29, 1945, by the United States (US) Army 14th Armored Division, there were nearly 80,000 POWs from many different Allied countries.  General George C. Patton made a visit to the camp.  

WWII was over for Carl.  He had survived.

May 8, 1945, WWII officially ended in Europe.  Carl was ill at that time and remained in Germany at Stalag 7A undergoing treatment for about two weeks before being evacuated to Camp Lucky Strike (one of the US camps in France for repatriated servicemen).  He recalls food portions in the mess hall being rationed for the POWs as they slowly regained weight and strength.  Food portions were determined by the color of the ticket they presented.  Too much food too soon could have killed them.  And at Camp Lucky Strike he saw B-17 Flight Engineer S/Sgt. Hall again.

Carl returned to the US by ship.  He went back to his hometown of Ottawa, Illinois.  Carl continued his education, married, and is the father of five children.  He attended Stalag Luft 3 POW reunions over the years and kept in contact with other fellow prisoners.   

But that is not the end of the story.  The German plane that shot down Carl’s B-17 on October 9, 1943, was a Junkers JU 88.  A crew member Heinz Philipp had written down the B-17 tail number that day.  After WWII, with the help of the US Air Force, Heinz learned the names of the B-17 crew and contacted Carl.  Carl later visited him in Germany, and they stayed in contact until Heinz’s death.

 

 

Last December Carl celebrated his 98th birthday.  He still has that sense of optimism and faith in God.

Thank you 2nd Lt. Groesbeck for your service in WWII.

 

 

A special thank you to Carl Groesbeck for sharing his wartime experiences with me and for all the time he spent answering my many questions while doing research for this story.  The story and photographs are posted with his and his family’s permission.

Thank you to the Witness to War Foundation which is dedicated to historical preservation of the stories of war veterans.  Martin Madert interviewed Carl in 2013 and provided me a copy of the interview which I used in researching this story.  For further information on the Witness to War Foundation visit http://www.witnesstowar.org/.

Information about the WWII 306th BG Historical Association can be found at http://306bg.us/.  Association Historian Cliff Deets is always an invaluable resource for BG history.